Homosexuality - Nature or Nurture Essay - 2535 Words

Homosexuality Nature or Nurture Have you ever wondered what creates a persons sexual preference? Is it possible that their social influences and environment can lead them to certain sexual practices and same sex relationships or could it be that some people have a genetic makeup that makes it completely natural to be attracted to members of the same sex? These questions lead us to the long-lived debate of nature or nurture. Some scientists believe that people behave as they do according to their genetic predispositions or even animal instincts. This is known as the nature theory of human behavior. Other scientists believe that people think and behave in certain ways because they are taught to do so. This is known as the†¦show more content†¦Further research provides additional evidence to link homosexuality to nature is. It is Dr. Dean Hamer who successfully identifies a gene marker on the X chromosomes, a region which he termed Xq28. In his study, he examined 114 families with homosexu al members and found that the incidence of homosexuality was higher in the maternal side of the families. As males get their Y chromosomes from their fathers and, X chromosomes from their mothers, Hamer came to the conclusion that there is definite proof that male homosexuality does have a biological basis in the Xq28 region of the X chromosome. (Shultz, 139; Hammer, Online) To further substantiate biology as the true cause of Homosexuality, Michael Bailey of Northwestern University joined Richard Pillard of the Boston University School of Medicine to publish a study of homosexuality in twins. The findings of their study showed that sexual orientation is something that one is born with. Pillard and Bailey and surveyed homosexual men about their brothers, and they found some statistics that were rather unexpected. Of the homosexuals who had identical twin brothers, 52 percent of those twins were also homosexual. 22 percent of those who had fraternal twins said that their twin was gay , and only eleven percent of those who had adopted siblings said that their adopted brothers were also homosexual. Bailey and PillardShow MoreRelatedHomosexuality: Nature or Nurture811 Words   |  3 Pageswith development across the human lifespan is the theory of â€Å"Nature versus Nurture†. It is an unsolved debate that has been around for centuries. It covers a broad spectrum of topics from intelligence to emotions, or in this case homosexuality. Although homosexuality is often thought of as a trait that is â€Å"genetically determined†, many others disagree and argue that it is rather a learned behavior (Lathe, pg. 20) Is it nature or nurture that causes this so-called â€Å"abnormality†? Or does it depend onRead MoreHomosexuality: Nature or Nurture1209 Words   |  5 Pagestopic in present years. In Ryan D. Johnson’s online research article, Homosexuality: Nature or Nurture, an explanation of homosexuality is broken down so the world has a better understanding of homosexuals. As referred to in the title, the origin of homosexuality has been debated to be because of nature or nurture. Basically, are people gay because it’s their personal choice or is it just who they are? The idea behind nurture is that the way one was raised can eventually affect a child’s sexualRead More Homosexuality, Nature or Nurture? Essay1911 Words   |  8 PagesHomosexuality, Nature or Nurture? Homosexuality has become a large issue in our lives today. Gay Rights activists have been making their voices heard; this has attracted the attention of the population making them take notice of their cause. The church has not been able to get away from the powerful political and social pressure of homosexuality. Some churches have accepted homosexuality but many still do not accept homosexuals, saying it is unnatural and not what godRead MoreNature vs. Nurture: Homosexuality2002 Words   |  9 Pagescause of sexuality. The whole subject is hidden in darkness’; this is a quote by Charles Darwin which illustrates the fact that your sexual orientation is unknown- this suggests that homosexuality is evolved through the upbringing and personal experiences. Many Social Theorists agree with this and they argue that Nurture is the main factor when considering the reasons behind human sexuality. They also suspect that upbringing and parental and family dynamics has a direct effect on a child s sexualityRead MoreEssay on Homosexuality as Nature or Nurture1936 Words   |  8 PagesHomosexuality as Nature or Nurture Human sexuality has been one of societys most interesting, controversial, debated, and misunderstood topics. It has been the topic of numerous books, essays, documentaries, websites, and television magazine segments. More specifically, homosexuality is probably the most misunderstood aspect of human sexuality. This is mainly due to lack of education, exposure, or just a general close mindedness. Homosexual tendencies are genetically caused, but actingRead MoreHomosexuality: Nature vs. Nurture Essay1208 Words   |  5 Pagesthat people hear about daily in the news, media, and daily lives of others, especially when it comes to the field of psychology and the nature versus nurture debate. For being as commonly debated and discussed as it is, there are many questions that come along with it: what is sexual orientation, how do people know their sexual orientation, what causes homosexuality, is it normal, is it possible to change, and can wanting LGBT, lesbian, gay, bisexual, and tra nsgender, youth to change lead to suicideRead MoreEssay about Homosexuality: Nature Versus Nurture2099 Words   |  9 PagesHOMOSEXUALITY: NATURE VERSUS NURTURE Nature; all things belong to Mother Nature; the trees, the flowers, insects, the great waters, animals, and even the human race; all following the laws of nature that we are instinctively born with. However somewhere along the line something or someone defies those laws and go against what nature intended. Whether or not this rebellion is fostered by nurture, or if there is an exception to the laws that Mother Nature has set forth is a question that psychologistRead MoreEssay about Homosexuality: Nature or Nurture?1275 Words   |  6 Pages Homosexuality is one of the most hot button issues in America today. Everyone has an opinion, some based on religious views others based on other external factors. People are afraid to talk about it because it’s something we don’t actually fully comprehend. This is because it scares people to admit they don’t know something. We need to find out if being a homosexual is something we are born with, or is it something we learn over time. Review of the Research There have been many research studiesRead MoreHomosexuality : Nature And Nature871 Words   |  4 PagesHomosexuality: Nature or nurture By: Clifnie francois Advance Placement Psychology Mr. Cuetara June 4 2015 Abstract The nature and nature of homosexuality is heavily debated. Some people believe that homosexuality is biologically determined and others believe it’s base on ones environment. This topic can be argue to be base on both nature and nurture. Studies conducted in the past decades support both the biological and environmentalRead MoreDifferences Between Homosexuality and Homosexual Behavior Essay921 Words   |  4 PagesHomosexuality (the tendency to be more sexually attracted to the same sex) is often confused with homosexual behavior (acting on homosexuality by engaging in homosexual acts), but the two are distinctly different. Even though homosexual behavior, especially in more recent years, has become an acceptable standard in our society it is a voluntary act and a sin, but the church has the ongoing responsibility and God-given call to love our neighbors, regardless of their sin because we too are all sinners

The United States Health Care System - 1449 Words

The United States health care system is the most expensive in the world. It spends more than 16% of its gross domestic product (GDP) on health care, (the highest per person in the world), but ranks behind most countries on many measures of health outcomes, quality, and efficiency. In 2012, over 47 million people were un-insured and millions were under-insured⠁ ´. The cost of health care is rising at least twice as fast as the rate of economic growth. Major companies are passing more of the cost of health care to their employees. Many small businesses cannot provide health insurance to their employees. Individuals as well as companies are getting bankrupt due to the cost of health care.⠁ · According to the National Healthcare Quality Report (NHQR) one of the most significant contributing factor to poor quality of care for some of the core measures is health insurance ². Uninsured people are less likely to get recommended care for disease prevention ¹. Proponents of the ri ght to health care say that healthcare should be provided to everyone in the United States. Opponents argue that a right to health care imposes socialism and that it should be an individual s responsibility, not the government s role, to pay for health care⠁ ´. Problem Statement How American can have access to the more reliable and affordable health care coverage? For better understanding of the problem statement we need to look at the history of health care coverage in the United States. Throughout the 18thShow MoreRelatedThe United States Health Care System1369 Words   |  6 Pagesplans for the United States health care system. The United States health care system has been in need of adjustment for years, with prices being paid over double per capita compared to other countries. While they have some similar views on current issues, there are drastic differences in the candidates’ ideas for change. To begin, Bernie Sanders, a Democratic candidate, believes that health care in the United States is a human right regardless of a person’s income. Universal health care is a foundationRead MoreThe United States Health Care System Essay1905 Words   |  8 PagesThe United States health care system is lacking the needs to create a reliable system to achieve quality, access, cost, and educate for the consumers. Despite the efforts of the government to find a common ground to meet the standard for the societies, the system has yet to have a major improvement. These issues must be reexamined to fix the broken system. The United States health care expenditure is another issue that needs to be addressed to achieve the future goals of the healthcare system in theRead MoreThe Quality Of Care Of The United States Health Care System2125 Words   |  9 PagesThe quality of care In the United States Health Care System, unlike a lot of people’s perceptions, is not the best in the w orld. In fact, Rose Ann DeMoro, the Executive Director of National Nurses United, Which happens to be the nation’s largest professional association and union for registered nurses, wrote in â€Å"How US Private Insurance Healthcare is Failing,† â€Å"A study published [in June 2011] from the university of Washington in collaboration with researchers at Imperial College London found lifeRead MoreThe Health Care System Of The United States As A Whole Essay1369 Words   |  6 Pagesthe health care system in the United States as a whole. Within this article, the subjects of health care that are reviewed are a) the US government’s position as the insurer for roughly 60 percent of the healthcare spending in the US via the public sector, b) the analysis of the funding for government health care programs such as Medicare, Medicall, and Medicaid and c) the programs in place for the health care of children and program administration for war veterans. The author discusse s health careRead MoreUnited States Health Care System Essay3779 Words   |  16 Pages17 Nov 2006 US Health Care System: Does the Public Get the Best Return vs. Investment The United States spends more of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) on healthcare then any other industrialized country in the world and because of this one would think that the U.S. provides one of the top universal healthcare plans for all citizens without health insurance. Furthermore, the U.S.’s overall health system performance is 37 out of 191 (qtd in U.S. Census Bureau), obviously 37 out of 191 is horribleRead MoreComparing The Canadian And The United States Health Care System1151 Words   |  5 Pagesthe United States health care system. the first part of the paper will focus on describing each country health care system. The second part will focus on analyzing, evaluating and comparing these two countries system efficiency and benefits. The last part, is an overview of the recent policies changes and its effect (positive and negative) on each country citizens and proposed future reforms for better coverage in these countries. Canada health system Canada provides a national universal care thatRead MoreSafety Net Hospitals And The United States Health Care System903 Words   |  4 Pageshospitals have played an important role in the United States health care system. They provide a significant amount of care to low-income, uninsured, and vulnerable populations. While treating these types of populations, they are still able to provide high cost services such as trauma and burn care. They often take on additional roles and responsibilities such as the training of medical and nursing students (Coughlin et al., 2014). These hospital systems are well known for their open door policy (WynnRead MoreComparing The United States Health Care System With The Federal Republic Of Germany2322 Words   |  10 PagesTHE UNITED STATES HEALTH CARE SYSTEM WITH THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY During the past few decades in the United States, health care cost has been skyrocketing, and many people have lost their insurance as result of the high cost. Approximately 45 million American s are uninsured or they don’t have a real health care plan that can cover all their needs. Some Americans have the perception that even with coverage, cost and other problems in the system, the quality of the Healthcare System in theRead MoreThe Health Care System Of The United States857 Words   |  4 Pages 1.) Briefly describe the US Health Care system. Identify the people, professionals and organizations that have something to say about how health care is delivered -- and paid for -- in the US. The Health Care System in the United States is provided by many organizations. The Healthcare facilities are largely owned by private sector businesses. A large part of community hospitals are non-profit and government owned, and only a small percent is for profit. The non-profit hospitals include 60 toRead MoreThe Health Care System Of The United States1218 Words   |  5 PagesCurrently, The United States sits as the thirty-sixth best nation at delivering effective healthcare, and yet the US does so at over $8,200 per capita, more than two and half times the OECD average. This creates and incredibly paradoxical circumstance where â€Å"the most powerful, most innovative, and richest country [on] the plant† delivers on average one of the worst healthcare results among developed countries (Reid 28). Several countries including Canada, England, the Netherlands, France, and Germany

International Tourism System

Question: Write an essay on International tourism system. Answer: Introduction With an overview on the current modern lifestyle lead by different individuals, the concept of international tourism is estimated to play a vital role in the society. The varied dynamics of the tourism system in perspective of its current demand are noticed to get modified within all sectors of the society. The involvement of the varied level of economic impact makes the tourism industry much broad in relation to various industrial suppliers. Rio De Jeneiro is estimated to be the second most populous city in Brazil and the sixth largest city in America (Benur, et al 2015). This city was actually founded by the Portuguese and it was initially the seat of the captaincy of Rio de Janeiro which is a domain of the Portuguese empire. Quite after a long the city was entitled as the capital state of Brazil. In the later part of the assignment an analysis of tourist visit to the place has been briefly stated and the main tourist attraction places have also been defined. The tourist motivation system and various issues that are related to the development of Rio De Jeneiro have been discussed. Both the positive and negative impacts of tourism activity has been discussed and the end, keeping certain implications over the international tourism system. General analysis of tourist visit at Rio De Jeneiro The number of international tourist visit at Rio De Jeneiro has been estimated to get increase about 8 % in comparison to the last year. As per the IOC prediction it has been estimated that around 4,80, 000 tourist would be descending to the city of Rio De Jeneiro for the Olympics and the Para Olympic games in 2016. With positive effects of world cup there has been a growing trend among people to travel to America. For the 2016 Olympic Games generally the called upon Olympic family which included several athletes, officials, sponsors and various journalists from about 204 countries are estimated to guarantee over the high attendance of the international tourist to the city of Rio De Jeneiro (Clift et al 2015). The country of Brazil is expecting to receive about half a million foreign tourist when the Olympic Games of 2016 would be staged. As expected the visitors of the Olympic Games are likely to be associated with the different organisers in some or the other way. With some number of about 10,500 athletes who would be estimated to participate in about 42 sports as well as several international sponsors and officials. The people who are linked with the international Olympic federation and also the national governing bodies of several countries from where the athletes would be found to participate are also considered under the population. Including thousands of people from different perspectives a population about 3.50,000 to about 5,00,000 foreign tourists is estimated to arrive in the city of Rio De Jeneiro and the Brazilian spectators population who would be coming to the city is out of imagination (Conlin et al 2014). The government of the country has undertaken national plans in order to create infrastructure development, airlines facilities so that the more international tourists would easily arrive at the city and watch out the Olympic Games. The Olympic games of 2016 at Rio De Jeneiro is estimated to be the main attraction for tourist to visit the place in 2016. In Rio de Jeneiro it has been estimated that Barra da Tijuca will be hosting all of the venues as well as the paraolympic games of the year 2016. The rest would be located in the other well known three zones of the host city which is also known as the Olympic village. As per the statistical report the gradual increase in the number of tourist who are getting attracted to the city of Rio de Jeneiro is getting expanded day by day and the city is becoming successful in attracting more number of tourist because the government of the country re under constant review of the making visa availability to the tourists and also is enhancing the transportation facilities which are helping more and more number of people to come up to the city (Dickinson, et al 2014). The city of Rio de Jeneiro is also applying focus on other activities for the purpose of developing the living standards of the people who are residing in the local community, this strategy is indirectly making certain level of encouragement over the use of various unsustainable natural resource utilisation through the process of hunting and farming. This is increasing the level of employment and gradually making an increase over the existing population of the city. Explanation on what makes the place attractive for the tourist Various places of attractions in Rio de Jeneiro are vital reasons to make more number of tourists into the places. The several places of attraction in the city are the Sugarloaf Mountains, Tijuca forest, the national historical museum, the city of rocks and many more. The Sugar Loaf Mountains are estimated to be the highest peak at Rio De Jeneiro and it sticks to the Atlantic. This lonely mountain standing alone among several other monolithic granite as well as quartz rising straight from the waters edge is one of the most famous attractive sites of the city (Eagles 2014). The different other attractive places are the main reason to make more number of tourist every year. The tourism system of the city is fabulous and it makes more and more number of tourists to visit the tourist places. One of the most vital key service characteristics of the tourism system of the city of Rio De Jeneiro is that the most valuable location at which the consumption is mainly esteemed to take place does occur out of the normal homely environment. This does not mean that the tourism service industry of the city is completely intangible. The tourism system of the city of Rio De Jeneiro is estimated to be totally based on the available set of difficult infrastructure facilities as well as the use of several physical resources that are noticed to throw significant impact on the different places (Hall, et al 2014). Tourist are basically being motivated to make a visit to the city of Ro De Jeneiro due to various scenic beauty that are being conserved by the ministry department and even it is noticed that several tourist get attracted due to the cost structure which has been led down for the past few years in order to make the city experience high level of tourist. The transportation facilities available are also the most vital reason behind attraction of tourist to the place. Also it has been noticed that certain form of historical down turn which is currently estimated to undergo a lar ge scale urban waterfront revitalization project has become a major place of tourist attraction within the city which is called the Porto Maravilha and it is estimated to cover about 5km square. This project has been basically undertaken for tourist destination development in order to make an increment over the cities attractions which would be helpful for the city to have more tourist get attracted and thus enhance the competitive position of the city of Rio De Jeneiro in comparison to the global economy (Hopeniene et al 2015). The government is noticed to have implemented national planning strategy which later got spread into the economic field. The two main objectives of this national plan were firstly to express a quantitative model of the country which would undertake international tourism systems. The governments of the country are basically noticed to bring development over the basic infrastructures, like developing roads, various hotels and visitors centers so that ore numbe r of people would come get attracted to the scenic beauty. Vital issues related to tourism and destination development A variety of challenges or issues are being experienced by the tourism and destination development of the city of Rio de Jeneiro. The issues experienced are the:Lack of proper infrastructure- the infrastructure needs of the travel and tourism destination are often estimated to range from the certain form of physical infrastructure like the ports of entry and the modes of transport available (Jaguaribe, 2014). The sector of the city which is noticed to be related to the tourism industry also includes airlines facilities, surface transport, and hotel accommodation.Human resources- ample availability of skilled manpower is very much vital in order to overcome the major issues that would be experienced for the tourism and destination development of the location of Rio De Jeneiro. To retain growth within the travel and tourism destination certain level of trained manpower and workforce is very much important at each and every level (Mason, 2015). Thus it is noticed that a high proportion of the untrained manpower would throw significant impact over the quality of service supplied to the tourist by people of that particular location.Varied regulatory issues- the visa making procedures are often estimated as the main vital issue behind the development over the destination which is Rio de Jeneiro for the Olympic games of 2016. The country of Brazil should therefore, provide visa on the basis of certain categories for a specific duration to let in tourist experience the Olympic Games (Mowforth, et al 2015). The government of the country has undertaken several projects in the perspective of making destination development or else they have to experience destruction over the tourism and hospitality industry.Lack of adequate marketing and promotion- the concept of marketing and promotion is estimated to be the most major concept for destination as it helps them to attain success. The lack of adequate budgets and support in promoting and marketing is the major issue behind t ourist and destination development. Negative and positive impacts of tourism activity From the perspective of tourism activity it could be stated that it possess both certain aspects of advantages and disadvantages. Some of the advantages of the tourism activity have been illustrated below: Increases the employment sector- tourism employment increases the opportunity of the local people and it is basically noticed that employing the millions of people has become much easier in this concept. The concept of international tourism system is actually being managed with perfect focus on the concept of poverty alleviation (Navickas, et al 2015). The international tourism system are noticed to directly benefit the poor groups of people by implementing them in the into different local enterprises or for the purpose of running small community based enterprises throwing positive impacts and making certain level of reduction on the poverty level. The international tourism system has been characterized by the two most popular trends which firstly involves the consolidation over the various traditional tourism destinations and making a geographical expansion. The system of international tourism in highly accessible to poor people living in the community of Rio De Jeneiro. As the conc ept of international tourism is highly labor intensive many activities that are being carried out within this sector are estimated to be well suited to women, to the young people and also for the various disadvantaged groups such as the ethnic minority population (Page, 2014). Several tourism jobs in the international tourism sector are estimated to be highly accessible to the poor people of the community and for such they relatively require few skills and some amount of investment to be made.Economic growth- various activities of tourism are considered helpful in developing the economy of the country and indirectly it helps in overall development of the GDP. It is highly beneficial for the local people of the community to earn a perfect form of livelihood. International tourism is mainly estimated to act as a stimulator for bringing developments in the system of foreign exchange earnings and establish indirect employment (Pai, et al 2014). The international tourism system has been estimated to contribute about 5% of the worlds GDP. Some part of the Income level of Rio De Jeneiro was noticed to trickle down in between different groups of the community. The tourist destination like the city of Rio De Jeneiro have been successful in attracting a good number of foreign tourist for staging the Olympic Games of 2016 and this has been a lot helpful for the city to earn a good level of foreign exchange. The disadvantages are: Tourism activities are mainly estimated to involve a high expense on the perspective of the tourist and the travelling costs which are likely to include vehicle charges hotel charges and food cost. This increases the level of infringement over the human rights and creates huge displacement of the local people (Pegas et al 2014). The crowding and congestion erodes away the traditional values and culture of the city. The loss of scenic beauty is also a major form of disadvantage experienced through the different form of tourism activities. Often the sufferings of the tourist vegetation becomes high due to the activities that would be carried in order to clear out spaces for staging the Olympic games of 2016 in the city of Rio De Jeneiro (Peng, et al 2015). Policy implications to achieve sustainable tourism development It is strongly recommended that sustainable tourism planning is important integrating the national and regional development plan which would further help in strengthening the actions and help in building up several skills. Different public policies, governance mechanisms and stakeholders should be involved in this process and the planners should make use of the legal as well as fiscal regimes (Rossell-Nadal 2014). Tourism development planning and destination development should look into the various potential negative impacts of the extensive tourism operation over land price over ownership patterns by supplying aesthetic value of landscape. It would be important for both the government of the country and the stakeholders to consider the various forms of regional approaches in order to make sustainable tourism development (Sharpley, et al 2014). The responsible destination developers should participate on the different types of initiatives as well as process that is supported by the international task force over sustainable tourism development on climate change which might throw impact over the destined location. Conclusion From the range of discussion in the assignment based on the International tourism system, it could be stated that tourism system actually acts a web generally in which each part is noticed to have been inter connected with the generating regions of tourism system. The changes over the tourism system are basically influenced by the various forms of tourist experiences and this helps in developing new routes and perspectives thus making certain form of significant changes over the varied components of the tourism system (Steinbrink, 2014). The international tourist systems are estimated to throw significant impact over the social, economical, political and cultural environment of the destinations from which the systems are basically introduced. Actually, the generating region and the destination are estimated to be the most prime focus of the international tourism system that trough significant impact over the communities and environments bringing in cultural changes and establishing s ocio- economic developments. References- Benur, A. M., Bramwell, B. (2015). Tourism product development and product diversification in destinations. Tourism Management, 50, 213-224. Clift, S., Page, S. (2015). Health and the International Tourist (Routledge Revivals). Routledge. Conlin, M. V., Bird, G. R. (Eds.). (2014). Railway heritage and tourism: global perspectives (Vol. 37). Channel View Publications. Dickinson, J. E., Ghali, K., Cherrett, T., Speed, C., Davies, N., Norgate, S. (2014). Tourism and the smartphone app: Capabilities, emerging practice and scope in the travel domain. Current Issues in Tourism, 17(1), 84-101. Eagles, P. F. (2014). Research priorities in park tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 22(4), 528-549. Espiner, S., Becken, S. (2014). Tourist towns on the edge: Conceptualising vulnerability and resilience in a protected area tourism system. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 22(4), 646-665. Hall, M. C., Page, S. J. (2014). The geography of tourism and recreation: Environment, place and space. Routledge. Hopeniene, R., Railiene, G., Kazlauskiene, E. (2015). Potential of virtual organizing of tourism business system actors. Engineering Economics, 63(4). Jaguaribe, B. (2014). Rio de Janeiro: Urban Life Through the Eyes of the City. Routledge. Mason, P. (2015). Tourism impacts, planning and management. Routledge. Mowforth, M., Munt, I. (2015). Tourism and sustainability: Development, globalisation and new tourism in the third world. Routledge. Navickas, V., Malakauskaite, A. (2015). The possibilities for the identification and evaluation of tourism sector competitiveness factors. Engineering Economics, 61(1). Page, S. J. (2014). Tourism management. Routledge. Pai, P. F., Hung, K. C., Lin, K. P. (2014). Tourism demand forecasting using novel hybrid system. Expert Systems with Applications, 41(8), 3691-3702. Pegas, F. D. V., Castley, J. G. (2014). Ecotourism as a conservation tool and its adoption by private protected areas in Brazil. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 22(4), 604-625. Peng, B., Song, H., Crouch, G. I. (2014). A meta-analysis of international tourism demand forecasting and implications for practice. Tourism Management, 45, 181-193. Rossell-Nadal, J. (2014). How to evaluate the effects of climate change on tourism. Tourism Management, 42, 334-340. Sharpley, R., Telfer, D. J. (Eds.). (2014). Tourism and development: concepts and issues (Vol. 63). Channel View Publications. Steinbrink, M. (2014). Festifavelisation: mega-events, slums and strategic city-stagingthe example of Rio de Janeiro. DIE ERDEJournal of the Geographical Society of Berlin, 144(2), 129-145. Tribe, J. (2015). The economics of recreation, leisure and tourism. Routledge. Westin, F. F., dos Santos, M. A., Martins, I. D. (2014). Hydropower expansion and analysis of the use of strategic and integrated environmental assessment tools in Brazil. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 37, 750-761.

Sexual Orientation free essay sample

Homosexuality (from Ancient Greek , meaning same, and Latin sexus, meaning sex) is romantic attraction, sexual attraction or sexual behavior between members of the same sex or gender. As an orientation, homosexuality refers to an enduring pattern of or disposition to experience sexual, affectionate, or romantic attractions primarily or exclusively to people of the same sex. It also refers to an individuals sense of personal and social identity based on those attractions, behaviors expressing them, and membership in a community of others who share them. [1][2] Along with bisexuality and heterosexuality, homosexuality is one of the three main categories of sexual orientation within the heterosexual–homosexual continuum. [1] There is no consensus among scientists about why a person develops a particular sexual orientation;[1] however, biologically-based theories for the cause of sexual orientation are favored by experts,[3] which point to genetic factors, the early uterine environment, or both in combination. [4] There is no substantive evidence which suggests parenting or early childhood experiences play a role when it comes to sexual orientation;[4] when it comes to same-sex sexual behavior, shared or familial environment plays no role for men and minor role for women. We will write a custom essay sample on Sexual Orientation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page [5] While some hold the view that homosexual activity is unnatural,[6][7] research has shown that homosexuality is an example of a normal and natural variation in human sexuality and is not in and of itself a source of negative psychological effects. [1][8] Most people experience little or no sense of choice about their sexual orientation. [1] There is insufficient evidence to support the use of psychological interventions to change sexual orientation. [9] The most common terms for homosexual people are lesbian for females and gay for males, though gay is also used to refer generally to both homosexual males and females. The number of people who identify as gay or lesbian and the proportion of people who have same-sex sexual experiences are difficult for researchers to estimate reliably for a variety of reasons, including many gay people not openly identifying as such due to homophobia and heterosexist discrimination. [10] Homosexual behavior has also been documented and is observed in many non-human animal species. Many gay and lesbian people are in committed same-sex relationships, though only recently have census forms and political conditions facilitated their visibility and enumeration. [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25] These relationships are equivalent to heterosexual relationships in essential psychological respects. [2] Homosexual relationships and acts have been admired, as well as condemned, throughout recorded history, depending on the form they took and the culture in which they occurred. [26] Since the end of the 19th century, there has been a global movement towards increased visibility, recognition, and legal rights for homosexual people, including the rights to marriage and civil unions, adoption and parenting, employment, military service, equal access to health care, and the introduction of anti-bullying legislation to protect gay minors. HISTORY Societal attitudes towards same-sex relationships have varied over time and place, from expecting all males to engage in same-sex relationships, to casual integration, through acceptance, to seeing the practice as a minor sin, repressing it through law enforcement and judicial mechanisms, and to proscribing it under penalty of death. People with a homosexual orientation can express their sexuality in a variety of ways, and may or may not express it in their behaviors. [1] Many have sexual relationships predominately with people of their own gender identity, though some have sexual relationships with those of the opposite gender, bisexual relationships, or none at all (celibate). [1] The Kinsey scale attempts to describe a persons sexual history or episodes of their sexual activity at a given time. It uses a scale from 0, meaning exclusively heterosexual, to 6, meaning exclusively homosexual. It is based on actual sexual behavior surveys. Research indicates that many lesbians and gay men want, and succeed in having, committed and durable relationships. For example, survey data indicate that between 40% and 60% of gay men and between 45% and 80% of lesbians are currently involved in a romantic relationship. [110] Survey data also indicate that between 18% and 28% of gay couples and between 8% and 21% of lesbian couples in the U. S. have lived together ten or more years. [110] Studies have found same-sex and opposite-sex couples to be equivalent to each other in measures of satisfaction and commitment in relationships, that age and gender are more reliable than sexual orientation as a predictor of satisfaction and commitment to a relationship, and that people who are heterosexual or homosexual share comparable expectations and ideals with regard to romantic relationships GENERAL Science has looked at the causes of homosexuality, and more generically the causes of human sexual orientation, with the general conclusions being related to biological and environmental factors. The biological factors that have been researched are genetic and hormonal, particularly during the fetal developmental period, that influence the resulting brain structure, and other characteristics such as handedness. [3][4] There are a wide range of environmental factors (sociological, psychological, or early uterine environment), and various biological factors, that may influence sexual orientation; though many researchers believe that it is caused by a complex interplay between nature and nurture, they favor biological models for the cause. Sexual orientation change efforts There are no studies of adequate scientific rigor to conclude whether sexual orientation change efforts work to change a persons sexual orientation. Those efforts have been controversial due to tensions between the values held by some faith-based organizations, on the one hand, and those held by LGBT rights organizations and professional and scientific organizations and other faith-based organizations, on the other. [9] The longstanding consensus of the behavioral and social sciences and the health and mental health professions is that homosexuality per se is a normal and positive variation of human sexual orientation, and therefore not a mental disorder. [9] The American Psychological Association says that most people experience little or no sense of choice about their sexual orientation. [156] Some individuals and groups have promoted the idea of homosexuality as symptomatic of developmental defects or spiritual and moral failings and have argued that sexual orientation change efforts, including psychotherapy and religious efforts, could alter homosexual feelings and behaviors. Many of these individuals and groups appeared to be embedded within the larger context of conservative religious political movements that have supported the stigmatization of homosexuality on political or religious grounds. No major mental health professional organization has sanctioned efforts to change sexual orientation and virtually all of them have adopted policy statements cautioning the profession and the public about treatments that purport to change sexual orientation. Physical The terms Men who have sex with men (MSM) and women who have sex with women (WSW) refer to people who engage in sexual activity with others of the same sex regardless of how they identify themselves—as many choose not to accept social identities as lesbian, gay and bisexual. [177][178][179][180][181] These terms are often used in medical literature and social research to describe such groups for study, without needing to consider the issues of sexual self-identity. The terms are seen as problematic, however, because they obscure social dimensions of sexuality; undermine the self-labeling of lesbian, gay, and bisexual people; and do not sufficiently describe variations in sexual behavior. [182] MSM and WSW are sexually active with each other for a variety of reasons with the main ones arguably sexual pleasure, intimacy and bonding. In contrast to its benefits, sexual behavior can be a disease vector. Safe sex is a relevant harm reductionphilosophy. [183] The United States currently prohibits men who have sex with men from donating blood because they are, as a group, at increased risk for HIV, hepatitis B and certain other infections that can be transmitted by transfusion. [ Public health These safer sex recommendations are agreed upon by public health officials for women who have sex with women to avoid sexually transmitted infections (STIs): Avoid contact with a partner’s menstrual blood and with any visible genital lesions. Cover sex toys that penetrate more than one persons vagina or anus with a new condom for each person; consider using different toys for each person. Use a barrier (e. g. , latex sheet, dental dam, cut-open condom, plastic wrap) during oral sex. Use latex or vinyl gloves and lubricant for any manual sex that might cause bleeding. [186] These safer sex recommendations are agreed upon by public health officials for men who have sex with men to avoid sexually transmitted infections: Avoid contact with a partners bodily fluids and with any visible genital lesions. Use condoms for anal and oral sex. Use a barrier (e. g. , latex sheet, dental dam, cut-open condom) during anal–oral sex. Cover sex toys that penetrate more than one person with a new condom for each person; consider using different toys for each person and use latex or vinyl gloves and lubricant for any sex that might cause bleeding. Gay and lesbian youth See also: Suicide among LGBT youth Gay and lesbian youth bear an increased risk of suicide, substance abuse, school problems, and isolation because of a hostile and condemning environment, verbal and physical abuse, rejection and isolation from family and peers. [192] Further, LGBT youths are more likely to report psychological and physical abuse by parents or caretakers, and more sexual abuse. Suggested reasons for this disparity are that (1) LGBT youths may be specifically targeted on the basis of their perceived sexual orientation or gender non-conforming appearance, and (2) that risk factors associated with sexual minority status, including discrimination, invisibility, and rejection by family members may lead to an increase in behaviors that are associated with risk for victimization, such as substance abuse, sex with multiple partners, or running away from home as a teenager. [ Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in the Philippines have a distinctive culture but limited legal rights. Gays and lesbians are generally tolerated, if not accepted, within Filipino society, but there is still widespread discrimination. The most visible members of the Filipino LGBT culture, the Bakla, are a distinct group in the Philippines. According to the 2002 Young Adult Fertility and Sexuality Survey, 11% of sexually active Filipinos between the ages of 15 and 24 have had sex with someone of the same sex. [1] Filipino poet and critic Lilia Quindoza Santiago has speculated that Filipino culture may have a more flexible concept of gender because kasarian, the Tagalog word for gender, is defined in less binary terms than the English word gender. [2] Kasarian means kind, species, or genus. [3] The English word gender originally also meant kind. Phil. Survey The Philippines has earned its ranking as one of few gay-friendly countries in the world. Of the 39 countries covered by a global survey, only 17 countries had majorities that accepted homosexuality, with the Philippines ranking at number 10 among the 17. Despite its religiosity, the Philippines is one of the countries in the world where the level of public â€Å"acceptance† of homosexuals is high, according to the results of the survey. The survey titled â€Å"The Global Divide on Homosexuality† conducted by the US-based Pew Research Center showed that 73 percent of adult Filipinos agreed with the statement that â€Å"homosexuality should be accepted by society,† up by nine percentage points from 2002. The percentage of Filipinos who said society should not accept gays fell from 33 percent in 2002 to 26 percent this year, it added. This high level of acceptance, which is comparable to that found in secular western Europe, is even higher than those found in Japan (54 percent), South Korea (39 percent) or the United States (60 percent), where some states allow gay marriage. â€Å"Brazilians and Filipinos are considerably more tolerant of homosexuality than their countries’ relatively high levels of religiosity would suggest,† the Pew survey report said. The Philippines bucked the trend found in the survey showing that gays are mostly accepted in rich and secularized countries. â€Å"The survey †¦ finds that acceptance of homosexuality is particularly widespread in countries where religion is less central in people’s lives. These are also among the richest countries in the world,† the Pew report said. â€Å"In contrast, in poorer countries with high levels of religiosity, few believe homosexuality should be accepted by society,† it added. Religiosity scale The Philippines is said to be one of the most religious countries in the world and almost a third of its population lives below the poverty line. In the survey’s â€Å"religiosity scale† where a score of â€Å"3† was the most religious, the Philippines almost got 2. 5. â€Å"Age is also a factor in several countries, with younger respondents offering far more tolerant views than older ones,† the survey report said. And while gender differences are not prevalent, in those countries where they are, women are consistently more accepting of homosexuality than men,† it added. In the Philippines, 78 percent of those aged 18-29 who were interviewed said gays should be accepted, 71 percent for those aged 30-49, and 68 percent for those 50 years old and above, according to the survey. The report also showed that of the eight countries surveyed in the Asia-Pacific region, the Philippines had the second highest acceptance rate next to Australia’s 79 percent. â€Å"In the Asia-Pacific region, where views of homosexuality are mostly negative, more than seven in 10 in Australia and the Philippines say homosexuality should be accepted by society,† the report said. In contrast, only three percent of people in neighboring Indonesia, nine percent in Malaysia and 21 percent in China said homosexuality should be accepted, the report added. Not impressed However, Filipino gay groups were not impressed by the survey results. When asked if the gay community in the Philippines felt accepted, Jonas Bagas, executive director of the TLF Share Collective, said: â€Å"Hardly. † â€Å"I think that the study only reflects the perceived acceptance of the LGBT community based on the high visibility of gay entertainers. It’s acceptance [that is] contingent on how you fit the acceptable stereotype—the gay entertainer, the creative, talented bakla, the lesbian security guard,† Bagas said. â€Å"Once you go outside these stereotypes, that’s when you encounter rejection,† he added. Bagas said a Filipino student in a lesbian relationship faces higher probability of getting kicked out of her school than a student in a heterosexual relationship. â€Å"We still have strong biases against gay sex, which for many is still deemed immoral and unnatural. This attitude fosters inequality in our laws, in education, healthcare and even within the family,† Bagas said. The Pew report said those who conducted the survey had face-to-face interviews with 804 Filipinos aged 18 and above from March 10 to April 3 this year. The interviews were conducted in Tagalog, Cebuano, Ilonggo, Ilocano and Bicolano. The survey had a margin of error of plus or minus 4. 5 percent. Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in the Philippines have a distinctive culture but limited legal rights. Gays and lesbians are generally tolerated, if not accepted, within Filipino society, but there is still widespread discrimination. The most visible members of the Filipino LGBT culture, the Bakla, are a distinct group in the Philippines. According to the 2002 Young Adult Fertility and Sexuality Survey, 11% of sexually active Filipinos between the ages of 15 and 24 have had sex with someone of the same sex. [1] Filipino poet and critic Lilia Quindoza Santiago has speculated that Filipino culture may have a more flexible concept of gender because kasarian, the Tagalog word for gender, is defined in less binary terms than the English word gender. [2] Kasarian means kind, species, or genus. [3] The English word gender originally also meant kind. A bakla is a gay man who displays feminine mannerisms, dresses as a woman, or identifies as a woman. The term itself is not the equivalent of the English term gay,[4] but bakla are the most culturally visible subset of gay men in the Philippines. They are often considered a third gender, embodying femaleness (pagkababae) in a male body. [5][6] The term bakla is sometimes used in a derogatory sense, although bakla people have largely embraced it. Bakla individuals are socially and economically integrated into Filipino society and are considered an important part of society. The stereotype of a bakla is a parlorista, a cross-dresser who works in a beauty salon. [7] Miss Gay Philippines is a beauty pageant for bakla. Slang terms for LGBT people and concepts In the Philippines, the term gay is used in reference to any LGBT person. For Filipino gays, the Tagalog phrase paglaladlad ng kapa (unfurling the cape), or more commonly just paglaladlad(unfurling or unveiling) refers to the coming-out process. Tibo, T-Bird and tomboy are derogatory terms for butch lesbians just as bakla is for effeminate gay men. Some lesbians, both butch and femme, use the terms magic or shunggril to refer to themselves. [4] Neutral slang terms for gay men include billy boy, badette, bading, and paminta (straight-acting gay man). While many of these terms are generally considered derogatory, they are sometimes used casually or jokingly within the Filipino gay and lesbian community. For example, gay men often refer to their gay friends as bakla when talking to each other. Swardspeak[edit] Main article: Swardspeak This article may be confusing or unclear to readers. Please help us clarify the article; suggestions may be found on the talk page. (October 2013) Swardspeak, or gay lingo, is a cant slang derived from Englog (a Tagalog-English pidgin) and is used by a number of homosexuals in the Philippines. [12] Swardspeak uses elements fromTagalog, English, Spanish and Japanese, as well as celebrities names and trademark brands, giving them new meanings in different contexts. [13] It is largely localized within gay communities and uses words derived from local languages or dialects, including Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Waray, Bicolano, and/or other Philippine languages. The use of Swardspeak once immediately identified the speaker as homosexual, making it easy for people of that orientation to recognize each other. This created an exclusive group among its speakers and helped them resist cultural assimilation. More recently, though, straight people have also started to use this way of speaking, particularly in industries dominated by gays, such as the fashion and film industries. LGBT Politics: In the Philippines, the Communist Party of the Philippines Marxist-Leninist and Maoist revolutionary proletarian party in the Philippines are the one and first to introduce and promote the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender. They recognize the LGBT as part of the bulk of the masses that can encourage and recruit for their revolutionary work. The revolutionary leader admitted that in their rank. The wide spread of sexual intercourse within their rank and same sex that brought their party principle to set a guideline for those belong with the LGBTs. They also allow to married their fellow same sex revolutionary party member as long it will not affect their revolutionary task in the party organization. Document of the CPP-MLM guideline Gabay Para sa Rebolusyunaryong Pakikipagrelasyon at Pagpapakasal . Same-sex relationships People with a homosexual orientation can express their sexuality in a variety of ways, and may or may not express it in their behaviors. [1] Many have sexual relationships predominately with people of their own gender identity, though some have sexual relationships with those of the opposite gender, bisexual relationships, or none at all (celibate). [1] The Kinsey scale attempts to describe a persons sexual history or episodes of their sexual activity at a given time. It uses a scale from 0, meaning exclusively heterosexual, to 6, meaning exclusively homosexual. It is based on actual sexual behavior surveys. Research indicates that many lesbians and gay men want, and succeed in having, committed and durable relationships. For example, survey data indicate that between 40% and 60% of gay men and between 45% and 80% of lesbians are currently involved in a romantic relationship. [110] Survey data also indicate that between 18% and 28% of gay couples and between 8% and 21% of lesbian couples in the U. S. have lived together ten or more years. [110] Studies have found same-sex and opposite-sex couples to be equivalent to each other in measures of satisfaction and commitment in relationships, that age and gender are more reliable than sexual orientation as a predictor of satisfaction and commitment to a relationship, and that people who are heterosexual or homosexual share comparable expectations and ideals with regard to romantic relationships. Sexual orientation free essay sample Historical and Scientific Perspectives on Homosexuality Shineaka Collins PSY/265 February 5, 2012 Nicole Pansey Historical and Scientific Perspectives on Homosexuality Historical and scientific perspectives on homosexuality may have shaped the way gay individuals perceive themselves because when you research the historical moments depending on your religion it may have been accepted. In ancient Greece it was frequent that men had relationships with young boys. Although the Greeks had their own perspective of male on male relationships the Christians and the Jews had another. The Romans also believed male on male relationships were acceptable; the men were flamboyant and did not hide their homosexuality. The Christians and Jews believed that male on male relations was sin of Sodom. Sodom is the city that God destroyed, even though it was never proven why God destroyed Sodom. I know I was born and raised a in a Christian family, and we were forbidden to believe same sex relationships were acceptable. We will write a custom essay sample on Sexual orientation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page My family always preached according to The Holy Bible and it explained that God destroyed Sodom because same sex relations were happening there. Also we have cross-cultural perspectives that include the Swans of North Africa; they believed that the younger men should engage in sex with older men. Their own father arranged for them to be with older males, and then when they have reached puberty most of them married women. Last the Sambian people of New Guinea believe that semen boost their young boys strength and virility. Older men insert semen into young boys anally or have them drink it. The Sambians’ believe this will increase manhood. Scientifically researchers believe genes, hormones and brain differences have their own perspective of why people are homosexual. A study on hormones proved there were no differences but in the genes there was a difference. There is evidence that there is brain difference in homosexuals and heterosexuals showing in neuropsychological, and neuroanatomical, and hormone response (Pinel, 2007). Furthermore, if you are a homosexual the healthiest thing to do is come out of the closet. Coming out of the closet is a saying that people use about others that are afraid to express their sexuality. This is the hardest part about living as a homosexual, because you are afraid that some people may not accept your identity. If you come from a Christian family this would be one of the hardest things you would have to do in life. Most people come out during their teenage years, because this is when we begin to learn more about our sexuality and identity. Most homosexual people tell their friends before they tell their family, because they are afraid of rejection. Some people live double lives, doing this they do not want to be seen in public with their partner because they are afraid of what society might think. Basically they only want the company of their partner in closed doors and keep them a secret from the world. These types of homosexuals are still in the closet but are worried about what people may think of them if they come out. Consequently coming out will take some adjustment as well. You may have to cope with peoples negative actions toward you, because they may have a different belief about homosexuals, or they may be shocked at what your preference is. Some people may not be able to accept the fact about you sexual preference or your gender identity. According to D’Augelli who studies homosexuality among the young says â€Å"many adults might be surprised at the secret that really lurks in the psyches of gay teens†. â€Å"The remarkable fact is, most are quite conventional. They want long-term relationships and children† (USA Today) 2007. Coming out does not solve the problem it may create new ones, but you have to look past all the negativity so that you can continue with your life and relieve all the stress, and this will boost your self-esteem because you are being who you are. Homosexuals have to adjust their lives in different situations. When you are out of the closet people may ask you certain questions about your sexual preference and why did you choose to be gay. Also you have to be conscience about being in the military. If this is something you had as a goal you are not able to express your sexual preference in the military. Today people are more understanding, and tolerant to homosexuals’ lifestyles. There are many support groups to help people cope with their sexuality and gender identities. Historic and scientific perspectives have reflected on my sexual orientation in one way that I was born and raised as a Christian, and how I raise my family by The Holy Bible. I believe that homosexuality is a sin but I cannot judge anyone. I am a heterosexual woman never looking at another woman in a homosexual way has ever crossed my mind or is acceptable in my religion or within my family. My grandmother is our Pastor at the church of Living God and I witnessed her not accepting a homosexual into our church unless he was coming to be forgiven and helped to become a heterosexual. He testified that he was gay and wanted to be accepted by the church and my grandmother asked him to leave. I was shocked, and as she proceeded with service she explained that being a homosexual was not acceptable God created man to be with woman to conceive children which is the only reason we should be having sexual relations to create children not for pleasure.